Head

GCC Code Coverage Report
Directory:	.		Exec	Total	Coverage
File:	src/smt/proof_post_processor.cpp	Lines:	554	603	91.9 %
Date:	2021-08-03	Branches:	1081	2790	38.7 %

/******************************************************************************
 * Top contributors (to current version):
 *   Andrew Reynolds, Haniel Barbosa, Aina Niemetz
 *
 * This file is part of the cvc5 project.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2021 by the authors listed in the file AUTHORS
 * in the top-level source directory and their institutional affiliations.
 * All rights reserved.  See the file COPYING in the top-level source
 * directory for licensing information.
 * ****************************************************************************
 *
 * Implementation of module for processing proof nodes.
 */

#include "smt/proof_post_processor.h"

#include "expr/skolem_manager.h"
#include "options/proof_options.h"
#include "options/smt_options.h"
#include "preprocessing/assertion_pipeline.h"
#include "proof/proof_node_manager.h"
#include "smt/smt_engine.h"
#include "smt/smt_statistics_registry.h"
#include "theory/builtin/proof_checker.h"
#include "theory/bv/bitblast/proof_bitblaster.h"
#include "theory/rewriter.h"
#include "theory/theory.h"
#include "util/rational.h"

using namespace cvc5::kind;
using namespace cvc5::theory;

namespace cvc5 {
namespace smt {

ProofPostprocessCallback::ProofPostprocessCallback(ProofNodeManager* pnm,
                                                   SmtEngine* smte,
                                                   ProofGenerator* pppg,
                                                   bool updateScopedAssumptions)
    : d_pnm(pnm),
      d_smte(smte),
      d_pppg(pppg),
      d_wfpm(pnm),
      d_updateScopedAssumptions(updateScopedAssumptions)
{
  d_true = NodeManager::currentNM()->mkConst(true);
}

void ProofPostprocessCallback::initializeUpdate()
{
  d_assumpToProof.clear();
  d_wfAssumptions.clear();
}

void ProofPostprocessCallback::setEliminateRule(PfRule rule)
{
  d_elimRules.insert(rule);
}

bool ProofPostprocessCallback::shouldUpdate(std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pn,
                                            const std::vector<Node>& fa,
                                            bool& continueUpdate)
{
  PfRule id = pn->getRule();
  if (d_elimRules.find(id) != d_elimRules.end())
  {
    return true;
  }
  // other than elimination rules, we always update assumptions as long as
  // d_updateScopedAssumptions is true or they are *not* in scope, i.e., not in
  // fa
  if (id != PfRule::ASSUME
      || (!d_updateScopedAssumptions
          && std::find(fa.begin(), fa.end(), pn->getResult()) != fa.end()))
  {
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "... not updating in-scope assumption " << pn->getResult() << "\n";
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

bool ProofPostprocessCallback::update(Node res,
                                      PfRule id,
                                      const std::vector<Node>& children,
                                      const std::vector<Node>& args,
                                      CDProof* cdp,
                                      bool& continueUpdate)
{
  Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "- Post process " << id << " " << children
                              << " / " << args << std::endl;

  if (id == PfRule::ASSUME)
  {
    // we cache based on the assumption node, not the proof node, since there
    // may be multiple occurrences of the same node.
    Node f = args[0];
    std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pfn;
    std::map<Node, std::shared_ptr<ProofNode>>::iterator it =
        d_assumpToProof.find(f);
    if (it != d_assumpToProof.end())
    {
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...already computed" << std::endl;
      pfn = it->second;
    }
    else
    {
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...get proof" << std::endl;
      Assert(d_pppg != nullptr);
      // get proof from preprocess proof generator
      pfn = d_pppg->getProofFor(f);
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...finished get proof" << std::endl;
      // print for debugging
      if (pfn == nullptr)
      {
        Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
            << "...no proof, possibly an input assumption" << std::endl;
      }
      else
      {
        Assert(pfn->getResult() == f);
        if (Trace.isOn("smt-proof-pp"))
        {
          Trace("smt-proof-pp")
              << "=== Connect proof for preprocessing: " << f << std::endl;
          Trace("smt-proof-pp") << *pfn.get() << std::endl;
        }
      }
      d_assumpToProof[f] = pfn;
    }
    if (pfn == nullptr || pfn->getRule() == PfRule::ASSUME)
    {
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...do not add proof" << std::endl;
      // no update
      return false;
    }
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...add proof" << std::endl;
    // connect the proof
    cdp->addProof(pfn);
    return true;
  }
  Node ret = expandMacros(id, children, args, cdp);
  Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...expanded = " << !ret.isNull() << std::endl;
  return !ret.isNull();
}

bool ProofPostprocessCallback::updateInternal(Node res,
                                              PfRule id,
                                              const std::vector<Node>& children,
                                              const std::vector<Node>& args,
                                              CDProof* cdp)
{
  bool continueUpdate = true;
  return update(res, id, children, args, cdp, continueUpdate);
}

Node ProofPostprocessCallback::eliminateCrowdingLits(
    const std::vector<Node>& clauseLits,
    const std::vector<Node>& targetClauseLits,
    const std::vector<Node>& children,
    const std::vector<Node>& args,
    CDProof* cdp)
{
  Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << push;
  NodeManager* nm = NodeManager::currentNM();
  Node trueNode = nm->mkConst(true);
  // get crowding lits and the position of the last clause that includes
  // them. The factoring step must be added after the last inclusion and before
  // its elimination.
  std::unordered_set<TNode> crowding;
  std::vector<std::pair<Node, size_t>> lastInclusion;
  // positions of eliminators of crowding literals, which are the positions of
  // the clauses that eliminate crowding literals *after* their last inclusion
  std::vector<size_t> eliminators;
  for (size_t i = 0, size = clauseLits.size(); i < size; ++i)
  {
    if (!crowding.count(clauseLits[i])
        && std::find(
               targetClauseLits.begin(), targetClauseLits.end(), clauseLits[i])
               == targetClauseLits.end())
    {
      Node crowdLit = clauseLits[i];
      crowding.insert(crowdLit);
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << "crowding lit " << crowdLit << "\n";
      // found crowding lit, now get its last inclusion position, which is the
      // position of the last resolution link that introduces the crowding
      // literal. Note that this position has to be *before* the last link, as a
      // link *after* the last inclusion must eliminate the crowding literal.
      size_t j;
      for (j = children.size() - 1; j > 0; --j)
      {
        // notice that only non-singleton clauses may be introducing the
        // crowding literal, so we only care about non-singleton OR nodes. We
        // check then against the kind and whether the whole OR node occurs as a
        // pivot of the respective resolution
        if (children[j - 1].getKind() != kind::OR)
        {
          continue;
        }
        uint64_t pivotIndex = 2 * (j - 1);
        if (args[pivotIndex] == children[j - 1]
            || args[pivotIndex].notNode() == children[j - 1])
        {
          continue;
        }
        if (std::find(children[j - 1].begin(), children[j - 1].end(), crowdLit)
            != children[j - 1].end())
        {
          break;
        }
      }
      Assert(j > 0);
      lastInclusion.emplace_back(crowdLit, j - 1);

      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << "last inc " << j - 1 << "\n";
      // get elimination position, starting from the following link as the last
      // inclusion one. The result is the last (in the chain, but first from
      // this point on) resolution link that eliminates the crowding literal. A
      // literal l is eliminated by a link if it contains a literal l' with
      // opposite polarity to l.
      for (; j < children.size(); ++j)
      {
        bool posFirst = args[(2 * j) - 1] == trueNode;
        Node pivot = args[(2 * j)];
        Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2")
            << "\tcheck w/ args " << posFirst << " / " << pivot << "\n";
        // To eliminate the crowding literal (crowdLit), the clause must contain
        // it with opposite polarity. There are three successful cases,
        // according to the pivot and its sign
        //
        // - crowdLit is the same as the pivot and posFirst is true, which means
        //   that the clause contains its negation and eliminates it
        //
        // - crowdLit is the negation of the pivot and posFirst is false, so the
        //   clause contains the node whose negation is crowdLit. Note that this
        //   case may either be crowdLit.notNode() == pivot or crowdLit ==
        //   pivot.notNode().
        if ((crowdLit == pivot && posFirst)
            || (crowdLit.notNode() == pivot && !posFirst)
            || (pivot.notNode() == crowdLit && !posFirst))
        {
          Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << "\t\tfound it!\n";
          eliminators.push_back(j);
          break;
        }
      }
      AlwaysAssert(j < children.size());
    }
  }
  Assert(!lastInclusion.empty());
  // order map so that we process crowding literals in the order of the clauses
  // that last introduce them
  auto cmp = [](std::pair<Node, size_t>& a, std::pair<Node, size_t>& b) {
    return a.second < b.second;
  };
  std::sort(lastInclusion.begin(), lastInclusion.end(), cmp);
  // order eliminators
  std::sort(eliminators.begin(), eliminators.end());
  if (Trace.isOn("smt-proof-pp-debug"))
  {
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "crowding lits last inclusion:\n";
    for (const auto& pair : lastInclusion)
    {
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
          << "\t- [" << pair.second << "] : " << pair.first << "\n";
    }
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "eliminators:";
    for (size_t elim : eliminators)
    {
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << " " << elim;
    }
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "\n";
  }
  // TODO (cvc4-wishues/issues/77): implement also simpler version and compare
  //
  // We now start to break the chain, one step at a time. Naively this breaking
  // down would be one resolution/factoring to each crowding literal, but we can
  // merge some of the cases. Effectively we do the following:
  //
  //
  // lastClause   children[start] ... children[end]
  // ---------------------------------------------- CHAIN_RES
  //         C
  //    ----------- FACTORING
  //    lastClause'                children[start'] ... children[end']
  //    -------------------------------------------------------------- CHAIN_RES
  //                                    ...
  //
  // where
  //   lastClause_0 = children[0]
  //   start_0 = 1
  //   end_0 = eliminators[0] - 1
  //   start_i+1 = nextGuardedElimPos - 1
  //
  // The important point is how end_i+1 is computed. It is based on what we call
  // the "nextGuardedElimPos", i.e., the next elimination position that requires
  // removal of duplicates. The intuition is that a factoring step may eliminate
  // the duplicates of crowding literals l1 and l2. If the last inclusion of l2
  // is before the elimination of l1, then we can go ahead and also perform the
  // elimination of l2 without another factoring. However if another literal l3
  // has its last inclusion after the elimination of l2, then the elimination of
  // l3 is the next guarded elimination.
  //
  // To do the above computation then we determine, after a resolution/factoring
  // step, the first crowded literal to have its last inclusion after "end". The
  // first elimination position to be bigger than the position of that crowded
  // literal is the next guarded elimination position.
  size_t lastElim = 0;
  Node lastClause = children[0];
  std::vector<Node> childrenRes;
  std::vector<Node> childrenResArgs;
  Node resPlaceHolder;
  size_t nextGuardedElimPos = eliminators[0];
  do
  {
    size_t start = lastElim + 1;
    size_t end = nextGuardedElimPos - 1;
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2")
        << "res with:\n\tlastClause: " << lastClause << "\n\tstart: " << start
        << "\n\tend: " << end << "\n";
    childrenRes.push_back(lastClause);
    // note that the interval of insert is exclusive in the end, so we add 1
    childrenRes.insert(childrenRes.end(),
                       children.begin() + start,
                       children.begin() + end + 1);
    childrenResArgs.insert(childrenResArgs.end(),
                           args.begin() + (2 * start) - 1,
                           args.begin() + (2 * end) + 1);
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << "res children: " << childrenRes << "\n";
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << "res args: " << childrenResArgs << "\n";
    resPlaceHolder = d_pnm->getChecker()->checkDebug(PfRule::CHAIN_RESOLUTION,
                                                     childrenRes,
                                                     childrenResArgs,
                                                     Node::null(),
                                                     "");
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2")
        << "resPlaceHorder: " << resPlaceHolder << "\n";
    cdp->addStep(
        resPlaceHolder, PfRule::CHAIN_RESOLUTION, childrenRes, childrenResArgs);
    // I need to add factoring if end < children.size(). Otherwise, this is
    // to be handled by the caller
    if (end < children.size() - 1)
    {
      lastClause = d_pnm->getChecker()->checkDebug(
          PfRule::FACTORING, {resPlaceHolder}, {}, Node::null(), "");
      if (!lastClause.isNull())
      {
        cdp->addStep(lastClause, PfRule::FACTORING, {resPlaceHolder}, {});
      }
      else
      {
        lastClause = resPlaceHolder;
      }
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << "lastClause: " << lastClause << "\n";
    }
    else
    {
      lastClause = resPlaceHolder;
      break;
    }
    // update for next round
    childrenRes.clear();
    childrenResArgs.clear();
    lastElim = end;

    // find the position of the last inclusion of the next crowded literal
    size_t nextCrowdedInclusionPos = lastInclusion.size();
    for (size_t i = 0, size = lastInclusion.size(); i < size; ++i)
    {
      if (lastInclusion[i].second > lastElim)
      {
        nextCrowdedInclusionPos = i;
        break;
      }
    }
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2")
        << "nextCrowdedInclusion/Pos: "
        << lastInclusion[nextCrowdedInclusionPos].second << "/"
        << nextCrowdedInclusionPos << "\n";
    // if there is none, then the remaining literals will be used in the next
    // round
    if (nextCrowdedInclusionPos == lastInclusion.size())
    {
      nextGuardedElimPos = children.size();
    }
    else
    {
      nextGuardedElimPos = children.size();
      for (size_t i = 0, size = eliminators.size(); i < size; ++i)
      {
        //  nextGuardedElimPos is the largest element of
        // eliminators bigger the next crowded literal's last inclusion
        if (eliminators[i] > lastInclusion[nextCrowdedInclusionPos].second)
        {
          nextGuardedElimPos = eliminators[i];
          break;
        }
      }
      Assert(nextGuardedElimPos < children.size());
    }
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2")
        << "nextGuardedElimPos: " << nextGuardedElimPos << "\n";
  } while (true);
  Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug2") << pop;
  return lastClause;
}

Node ProofPostprocessCallback::expandMacros(PfRule id,
                                            const std::vector<Node>& children,
                                            const std::vector<Node>& args,
                                            CDProof* cdp)
{
  if (d_elimRules.find(id) == d_elimRules.end())
  {
    // not eliminated
    return Node::null();
  }
  // macro elimination
  if (id == PfRule::MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO)
  {
    // (TRANS
    //   (SUBS <children> :args args[0:1])
    //   (REWRITE :args <t.substitute(x1,t1). ... .substitute(xn,tn)> args[2]))
    std::vector<Node> tchildren;
    Node t = args[0];
    Node ts;
    if (!children.empty())
    {
      std::vector<Node> sargs;
      sargs.push_back(t);
      MethodId ids = MethodId::SB_DEFAULT;
      if (args.size() >= 2)
      {
        if (getMethodId(args[1], ids))
        {
          sargs.push_back(args[1]);
        }
      }
      MethodId ida = MethodId::SBA_SEQUENTIAL;
      if (args.size() >= 3)
      {
        if (getMethodId(args[2], ida))
        {
          sargs.push_back(args[2]);
        }
      }
      ts = builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker::applySubstitution(
          t, children, ids, ida);
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
          << "...eq intro subs equality is " << t << " == " << ts << ", from "
          << ids << " " << ida << std::endl;
      if (ts != t)
      {
        Node eq = t.eqNode(ts);
        // apply SUBS proof rule if necessary
        if (!updateInternal(eq, PfRule::SUBS, children, sargs, cdp))
        {
          // if we specified that we did not want to eliminate, add as step
          cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::SUBS, children, sargs);
        }
        tchildren.push_back(eq);
      }
    }
    else
    {
      // no substitute
      ts = t;
    }
    std::vector<Node> rargs;
    rargs.push_back(ts);
    MethodId idr = MethodId::RW_REWRITE;
    if (args.size() >= 4)
    {
      if (getMethodId(args[3], idr))
      {
        rargs.push_back(args[3]);
      }
    }
    builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker* builtinPfC =
        static_cast<builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker*>(
            d_pnm->getChecker()->getCheckerFor(PfRule::MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO));
    Node tr = builtinPfC->applyRewrite(ts, idr);
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "...eq intro rewrite equality is " << ts << " == " << tr << ", from "
        << idr << std::endl;
    if (ts != tr)
    {
      Node eq = ts.eqNode(tr);
      // apply REWRITE proof rule
      if (!updateInternal(eq, PfRule::REWRITE, {}, rargs, cdp))
      {
        // if not elimianted, add as step
        cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::REWRITE, {}, rargs);
      }
      tchildren.push_back(eq);
    }
    if (t == tr)
    {
      // typically not necessary, but done to be robust
      cdp->addStep(t.eqNode(tr), PfRule::REFL, {}, {t});
      return t.eqNode(tr);
    }
    // must add TRANS if two step
    return addProofForTrans(tchildren, cdp);
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::MACRO_SR_PRED_INTRO)
  {
    std::vector<Node> tchildren;
    std::vector<Node> sargs = args;
    // take into account witness form, if necessary
    bool reqWitness = d_wfpm.requiresWitnessFormIntro(args[0]);
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "...pred intro reqWitness=" << reqWitness << std::endl;
    // (TRUE_ELIM
    // (TRANS
    //    (MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO <children> :args (t args[1:]))
    //    ... proof of apply_SR(t) = toWitness(apply_SR(t)) ...
    //    (MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO {} {toWitness(apply_SR(t))})
    // ))
    // Notice this is an optimized, one sided version of the expansion of
    // MACRO_SR_PRED_TRANSFORM below.
    // We call the expandMacros method on MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO, where notice
    // that this rule application is immediately expanded in the recursive
    // call and not added to the proof.
    Node conc = expandMacros(PfRule::MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO, children, sargs, cdp);
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "...pred intro conclusion is " << conc << std::endl;
    Assert(!conc.isNull());
    Assert(conc.getKind() == EQUAL);
    Assert(conc[0] == args[0]);
    tchildren.push_back(conc);
    if (reqWitness)
    {
      Node weq = addProofForWitnessForm(conc[1], cdp);
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...weq is " << weq << std::endl;
      if (addToTransChildren(weq, tchildren))
      {
        // toWitness(apply_SR(t)) = apply_SR(toWitness(apply_SR(t)))
        // rewrite again, don't need substitution. Also we always use the
        // default rewriter, due to the definition of MACRO_SR_PRED_INTRO.
        Node weqr = expandMacros(PfRule::MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO, {}, {weq[1]}, cdp);
        addToTransChildren(weqr, tchildren);
      }
    }
    // apply transitivity if necessary
    Node eq = addProofForTrans(tchildren, cdp);
    Assert(!eq.isNull());
    Assert(eq.getKind() == EQUAL);
    Assert(eq[0] == args[0]);
    Assert(eq[1] == d_true);

    cdp->addStep(eq[0], PfRule::TRUE_ELIM, {eq}, {});
    return eq[0];
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::MACRO_SR_PRED_ELIM)
  {
    // (EQ_RESOLVE
    //   children[0]
    //   (MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO children[1:] :args children[0] ++ args))
    std::vector<Node> schildren(children.begin() + 1, children.end());
    std::vector<Node> srargs;
    srargs.push_back(children[0]);
    srargs.insert(srargs.end(), args.begin(), args.end());
    Node conc = expandMacros(PfRule::MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO, schildren, srargs, cdp);
    Assert(!conc.isNull());
    Assert(conc.getKind() == EQUAL);
    Assert(conc[0] == children[0]);
    // apply equality resolve
    cdp->addStep(conc[1], PfRule::EQ_RESOLVE, {children[0], conc}, {});
    return conc[1];
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::MACRO_SR_PRED_TRANSFORM)
  {
    // (EQ_RESOLVE
    //   children[0]
    //   (TRANS
    //      (MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO children[1:] :args (children[0] args[1:]))
    //      ... proof of c = wc
    //      (MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO {} wc)
    //      (SYMM
    //        (MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO children[1:] :args <args>)
    //        ... proof of a = wa
    //        (MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO {} wa))))
    // where
    // wa = toWitness(apply_SR(args[0])) and
    // wc = toWitness(apply_SR(children[0])).
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "Transform " << children[0] << " == " << args[0] << std::endl;
    if (CDProof::isSame(children[0], args[0]))
    {
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...nothing to do" << std::endl;
      // nothing to do
      return children[0];
    }
    std::vector<Node> tchildren;
    std::vector<Node> schildren(children.begin() + 1, children.end());
    std::vector<Node> sargs = args;
    // first, compute if we need
    bool reqWitness = d_wfpm.requiresWitnessFormTransform(children[0], args[0]);
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "...reqWitness=" << reqWitness << std::endl;
    // convert both sides, in three steps, take symmetry of second chain
    for (unsigned r = 0; r < 2; r++)
    {
      std::vector<Node> tchildrenr;
      // first rewrite children[0], then args[0]
      sargs[0] = r == 0 ? children[0] : args[0];
      // t = apply_SR(t)
      Node eq = expandMacros(PfRule::MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO, schildren, sargs, cdp);
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
          << "transform subs_rewrite (" << r << "): " << eq << std::endl;
      Assert(!eq.isNull() && eq.getKind() == EQUAL && eq[0] == sargs[0]);
      addToTransChildren(eq, tchildrenr);
      // apply_SR(t) = toWitness(apply_SR(t))
      if (reqWitness)
      {
        Node weq = addProofForWitnessForm(eq[1], cdp);
        Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
            << "transform toWitness (" << r << "): " << weq << std::endl;
        if (addToTransChildren(weq, tchildrenr))
        {
          // toWitness(apply_SR(t)) = apply_SR(toWitness(apply_SR(t)))
          // rewrite again, don't need substitution. Also, we always use the
          // default rewriter, due to the definition of MACRO_SR_PRED_TRANSFORM.
          Node weqr =
              expandMacros(PfRule::MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO, {}, {weq[1]}, cdp);
          Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "transform rewrite_witness (" << r
                                      << "): " << weqr << std::endl;
          addToTransChildren(weqr, tchildrenr);
        }
      }
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
          << "transform connect (" << r << ")" << std::endl;
      // add to overall chain
      if (r == 0)
      {
        // add the current chain to the overall chain
        tchildren.insert(tchildren.end(), tchildrenr.begin(), tchildrenr.end());
      }
      else
      {
        // add the current chain to cdp
        Node eqr = addProofForTrans(tchildrenr, cdp);
        if (!eqr.isNull())
        {
          Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "transform connect sym " << tchildren
                                      << " " << eqr << std::endl;
          // take symmetry of above and add it to the overall chain
          addToTransChildren(eqr, tchildren, true);
        }
      }
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
          << "transform finish (" << r << ")" << std::endl;
    }

    // apply transitivity if necessary
    Node eq = addProofForTrans(tchildren, cdp);

    cdp->addStep(args[0], PfRule::EQ_RESOLVE, {children[0], eq}, {});
    return args[0];
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::MACRO_RESOLUTION
           || id == PfRule::MACRO_RESOLUTION_TRUST)
  {
    // first generate the naive chain_resolution
    std::vector<Node> chainResArgs{args.begin() + 1, args.end()};
    Node chainConclusion = d_pnm->getChecker()->checkDebug(
        PfRule::CHAIN_RESOLUTION, children, chainResArgs, Node::null(), "");
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug") << "Original conclusion: " << args[0] << "\n";
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "chainRes conclusion: " << chainConclusion << "\n";
    // There are n cases:
    // - if the conclusion is the same, just replace
    // - if they have the same literals but in different quantity, add a
    //   FACTORING step
    // - if the order is not the same, add a REORDERING step
    // - if there are literals in chainConclusion that are not in the original
    //   conclusion, we need to transform the MACRO_RESOLUTION into a series of
    //   CHAIN_RESOLUTION + FACTORING steps, so that we explicitly eliminate all
    //   these "crowding" literals. We do this via FACTORING so we avoid adding
    //   an exponential number of premises, which would happen if we just
    //   repeated in the premises the clauses needed for eliminating crowding
    //   literals, which could themselves add crowding literals.
    if (chainConclusion == args[0])
    {
      cdp->addStep(
          chainConclusion, PfRule::CHAIN_RESOLUTION, children, chainResArgs);
      return chainConclusion;
    }
    NodeManager* nm = NodeManager::currentNM();
    // If we got here, then chainConclusion is NECESSARILY an OR node
    Assert(chainConclusion.getKind() == kind::OR);
    // get the literals in the chain conclusion
    std::vector<Node> chainConclusionLits{chainConclusion.begin(),
                                          chainConclusion.end()};
    std::set<Node> chainConclusionLitsSet{chainConclusion.begin(),
                                          chainConclusion.end()};
    // is args[0] a singleton clause? If it's not an OR node, then yes.
    // Otherwise, it's only a singleton if it occurs in chainConclusionLitsSet
    std::vector<Node> conclusionLits;
    // whether conclusion is singleton
    if (chainConclusionLitsSet.count(args[0]))
    {
      conclusionLits.push_back(args[0]);
    }
    else
    {
      Assert(args[0].getKind() == kind::OR);
      conclusionLits.insert(
          conclusionLits.end(), args[0].begin(), args[0].end());
    }
    std::set<Node> conclusionLitsSet{conclusionLits.begin(),
                                     conclusionLits.end()};
    // If the sets are different, there are "crowding" literals, i.e. literals
    // that were removed by implicit multi-usage of premises in the resolution
    // chain.
    if (chainConclusionLitsSet != conclusionLitsSet)
    {
      chainConclusion = eliminateCrowdingLits(
          chainConclusionLits, conclusionLits, children, args, cdp);
      // update vector of lits. Note that the set is no longer used, so we don't
      // need to update it
      //
      // We need again to check whether chainConclusion is a singleton
      // clause. As above, it's a singleton if it's in the original
      // chainConclusionLitsSet.
      chainConclusionLits.clear();
      if (chainConclusionLitsSet.count(chainConclusion))
      {
        chainConclusionLits.push_back(chainConclusion);
      }
      else
      {
        Assert(chainConclusion.getKind() == kind::OR);
        chainConclusionLits.insert(chainConclusionLits.end(),
                                   chainConclusion.begin(),
                                   chainConclusion.end());
      }
    }
    else
    {
      cdp->addStep(
          chainConclusion, PfRule::CHAIN_RESOLUTION, children, chainResArgs);
    }
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "Conclusion after chain_res/elimCrowd: " << chainConclusion << "\n";
    Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
        << "Conclusion lits: " << chainConclusionLits << "\n";
    // Placeholder for running conclusion
    Node n = chainConclusion;
    // factoring
    if (chainConclusionLits.size() != conclusionLits.size())
    {
      // We build it rather than taking conclusionLits because the order may be
      // different
      std::vector<Node> factoredLits;
      std::unordered_set<TNode> clauseSet;
      for (size_t i = 0, size = chainConclusionLits.size(); i < size; ++i)
      {
        if (clauseSet.count(chainConclusionLits[i]))
        {
          continue;
        }
        factoredLits.push_back(n[i]);
        clauseSet.insert(n[i]);
      }
      Node factored = factoredLits.empty()
                          ? nm->mkConst(false)
                          : factoredLits.size() == 1
                                ? factoredLits[0]
                                : nm->mkNode(kind::OR, factoredLits);
      cdp->addStep(factored, PfRule::FACTORING, {n}, {});
      n = factored;
    }
    // either same node or n as a clause
    Assert(n == args[0] || n.getKind() == kind::OR);
    // reordering
    if (n != args[0])
    {
      cdp->addStep(args[0], PfRule::REORDERING, {n}, {args[0]});
    }
    return args[0];
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::SUBS)
  {
    NodeManager* nm = NodeManager::currentNM();
    // Notice that a naive way to reconstruct SUBS is to do a term conversion
    // proof for each substitution.
    // The proof of f(a) * { a -> g(b) } * { b -> c } = f(g(c)) is:
    //   TRANS( CONG{f}( a=g(b) ), CONG{f}( CONG{g}( b=c ) ) )
    // Notice that more optimal proofs are possible that do a single traversal
    // over t. This is done by applying later substitutions to the range of
    // previous substitutions, until a final simultaneous substitution is
    // applied to t.  For instance, in the above example, we first prove:
    //   CONG{g}( b = c )
    // by applying the second substitution { b -> c } to the range of the first,
    // giving us a proof of g(b)=g(c). We then construct the updated proof
    // by tranitivity:
    //   TRANS( a=g(b), CONG{g}( b=c ) )
    // We then apply the substitution { a -> g(c), b -> c } to f(a), to obtain:
    //   CONG{f}( TRANS( a=g(b), CONG{g}( b=c ) ) )
    // which notice is more compact than the proof above.
    Node t = args[0];
    // get the kind of substitution
    MethodId ids = MethodId::SB_DEFAULT;
    if (args.size() >= 2)
    {
      getMethodId(args[1], ids);
    }
    MethodId ida = MethodId::SBA_SEQUENTIAL;
    if (args.size() >= 3)
    {
      getMethodId(args[2], ida);
    }
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CDProof>> pfs;
    std::vector<TNode> vsList;
    std::vector<TNode> ssList;
    std::vector<TNode> fromList;
    std::vector<ProofGenerator*> pgs;
    // first, compute the entire substitution
    for (size_t i = 0, nchild = children.size(); i < nchild; i++)
    {
      // get the substitution
      builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker::getSubstitutionFor(
          children[i], vsList, ssList, fromList, ids);
      // ensure proofs for each formula in fromList
      if (children[i].getKind() == AND && ids == MethodId::SB_DEFAULT)
      {
        for (size_t j = 0, nchildi = children[i].getNumChildren(); j < nchildi;
             j++)
        {
          Node nodej = nm->mkConst(Rational(j));
          cdp->addStep(
              children[i][j], PfRule::AND_ELIM, {children[i]}, {nodej});
        }
      }
    }
    std::vector<Node> vvec;
    std::vector<Node> svec;
    for (size_t i = 0, nvs = vsList.size(); i < nvs; i++)
    {
      // Note we process in forward order, since later substitution should be
      // applied to earlier ones, and the last child of a SUBS is processed
      // first.
      TNode var = vsList[i];
      TNode subs = ssList[i];
      TNode childFrom = fromList[i];
      Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
          << "...process " << var << " -> " << subs << " (" << childFrom << ", "
          << ids << ")" << std::endl;
      // apply the current substitution to the range
      if (!vvec.empty() && ida == MethodId::SBA_SEQUENTIAL)
      {
        Node ss =
            subs.substitute(vvec.begin(), vvec.end(), svec.begin(), svec.end());
        if (ss != subs)
        {
          Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
              << "......updated to " << var << " -> " << ss
              << " based on previous substitution" << std::endl;
          // make the proof for the tranitivity step
          std::shared_ptr<CDProof> pf = std::make_shared<CDProof>(d_pnm);
          pfs.push_back(pf);
          // prove the updated substitution
          TConvProofGenerator tcg(d_pnm,
                                  nullptr,
                                  TConvPolicy::ONCE,
                                  TConvCachePolicy::NEVER,
                                  "nested_SUBS_TConvProofGenerator",
                                  nullptr,
                                  true);
          // add previous rewrite steps
          for (unsigned j = 0, nvars = vvec.size(); j < nvars; j++)
          {
            // substitutions are pre-rewrites
            tcg.addRewriteStep(vvec[j], svec[j], pgs[j], true);
          }
          // get the proof for the update to the current substitution
          Node seqss = subs.eqNode(ss);
          std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pfn = tcg.getProofFor(seqss);
          Assert(pfn != nullptr);
          // add the proof
          pf->addProof(pfn);
          // get proof for childFrom from cdp
          pfn = cdp->getProofFor(childFrom);
          pf->addProof(pfn);
          // ensure we have a proof of var = subs
          Node veqs = addProofForSubsStep(var, subs, childFrom, pf.get());
          // transitivity
          pf->addStep(var.eqNode(ss), PfRule::TRANS, {veqs, seqss}, {});
          // add to the substitution
          vvec.push_back(var);
          svec.push_back(ss);
          pgs.push_back(pf.get());
          continue;
        }
      }
      // Just use equality from CDProof, but ensure we have a proof in cdp.
      // This may involve a TRUE_INTRO/FALSE_INTRO if the substitution step
      // uses the assumption childFrom as a Boolean assignment (e.g.
      // childFrom = true if we are using MethodId::SB_LITERAL).
      addProofForSubsStep(var, subs, childFrom, cdp);
      vvec.push_back(var);
      svec.push_back(subs);
      pgs.push_back(cdp);
    }
    // should be implied by the substitution now
    TConvPolicy tcpolicy = ida == MethodId::SBA_FIXPOINT ? TConvPolicy::FIXPOINT
                                                         : TConvPolicy::ONCE;
    TConvProofGenerator tcpg(d_pnm,
                             nullptr,
                             tcpolicy,
                             TConvCachePolicy::NEVER,
                             "SUBS_TConvProofGenerator",
                             nullptr,
                             true);
    for (unsigned j = 0, nvars = vvec.size(); j < nvars; j++)
    {
      // substitutions are pre-rewrites
      tcpg.addRewriteStep(vvec[j], svec[j], pgs[j], true);
    }
    // add the proof constructed by the term conversion utility
    std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pfn = tcpg.getProofForRewriting(t);
    Node eq = pfn->getResult();
    Node ts = builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker::applySubstitution(
        t, children, ids, ida);
    Node eqq = t.eqNode(ts);
    if (eq != eqq)
    {
      pfn = nullptr;
    }
    // should give a proof, if not, then tcpg does not agree with the
    // substitution.
    if (pfn == nullptr)
    {
      Warning() << "resort to TRUST_SUBS" << std::endl
                << eq << std::endl
                << eqq << std::endl
                << "from " << children << " applied to " << t << std::endl;
      cdp->addStep(eqq, PfRule::TRUST_SUBS, {}, {eqq});
    }
    else
    {
      cdp->addProof(pfn);
    }
    return eqq;
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::REWRITE)
  {
    // get the kind of rewrite
    MethodId idr = MethodId::RW_REWRITE;
    if (args.size() >= 2)
    {
      getMethodId(args[1], idr);
    }
    builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker* builtinPfC =
        static_cast<builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker*>(
            d_pnm->getChecker()->getCheckerFor(PfRule::REWRITE));
    Node ret = builtinPfC->applyRewrite(args[0], idr);
    Node eq = args[0].eqNode(ret);
    if (idr == MethodId::RW_REWRITE || idr == MethodId::RW_REWRITE_EQ_EXT)
    {
      // rewrites from theory::Rewriter
      bool isExtEq = (idr == MethodId::RW_REWRITE_EQ_EXT);
      // use rewrite with proof interface
      Rewriter* rr = d_smte->getRewriter();
      TrustNode trn = rr->rewriteWithProof(args[0], isExtEq);
      std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pfn = trn.toProofNode();
      if (pfn == nullptr)
      {
        Trace("smt-proof-pp-debug")
            << "Use TRUST_REWRITE for " << eq << std::endl;
        // did not have a proof of rewriting, probably isExtEq is true
        if (isExtEq)
        {
          // update to THEORY_REWRITE with idr
          Assert(args.size() >= 1);
          TheoryId theoryId = Theory::theoryOf(args[0].getType());
          Node tid = builtin::BuiltinProofRuleChecker::mkTheoryIdNode(theoryId);
          cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::THEORY_REWRITE, {}, {eq, tid, args[1]});
        }
        else
        {
          // this should never be applied
          cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::TRUST_REWRITE, {}, {eq});
        }
      }
      else
      {
        cdp->addProof(pfn);
      }
      Assert(trn.getNode() == ret)
          << "Unexpected rewrite " << args[0] << std::endl
          << "Got: " << trn.getNode() << std::endl
          << "Expected: " << ret;
    }
    else if (idr == MethodId::RW_EVALUATE)
    {
      // change to evaluate, which is never eliminated
      cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::EVALUATE, {}, {args[0]});
    }
    else
    {
      // don't know how to eliminate
      return Node::null();
    }
    if (args[0] == ret)
    {
      // should not be necessary typically
      cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::REFL, {}, {args[0]});
    }
    return eq;
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::THEORY_REWRITE)
  {
    Assert(!args.empty());
    Node eq = args[0];
    Assert(eq.getKind() == EQUAL);
    // try to replay theory rewrite
    // first, check that maybe its just an evaluation step
    ProofChecker* pc = d_pnm->getChecker();
    Node ceval =
        pc->checkDebug(PfRule::EVALUATE, {}, {eq[0]}, eq, "smt-proof-pp-debug");
    if (!ceval.isNull() && ceval == eq)
    {
      cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::EVALUATE, {}, {eq[0]});
      return eq;
    }
    // otherwise no update
    Trace("final-pf-hole") << "hole: " << id << " : " << eq << std::endl;
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::MACRO_ARITH_SCALE_SUM_UB)
  {
    Debug("macro::arith") << "Expand MACRO_ARITH_SCALE_SUM_UB" << std::endl;
    if (Debug.isOn("macro::arith"))
    {
      for (const auto& child : children)
      {
        Debug("macro::arith") << "  child: " << child << std::endl;
      }
      Debug("macro::arith") << "   args: " << args << std::endl;
    }
    Assert(args.size() == children.size());
    NodeManager* nm = NodeManager::currentNM();
    ProofStepBuffer steps{d_pnm->getChecker()};

    // Scale all children, accumulating
    std::vector<Node> scaledRels;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < children.size(); ++i)
    {
      TNode child = children[i];
      TNode scalar = args[i];
      bool isPos = scalar.getConst<Rational>() > 0;
      Node scalarCmp =
          nm->mkNode(isPos ? GT : LT, scalar, nm->mkConst(Rational(0)));
      // (= scalarCmp true)
      Node scalarCmpOrTrue = steps.tryStep(PfRule::EVALUATE, {}, {scalarCmp});
      Assert(!scalarCmpOrTrue.isNull());
      // scalarCmp
      steps.addStep(PfRule::TRUE_ELIM, {scalarCmpOrTrue}, {}, scalarCmp);
      // (and scalarCmp relation)
      Node scalarCmpAndRel =
          steps.tryStep(PfRule::AND_INTRO, {scalarCmp, child}, {});
      Assert(!scalarCmpAndRel.isNull());
      // (=> (and scalarCmp relation) scaled)
      Node impl =
          steps.tryStep(isPos ? PfRule::ARITH_MULT_POS : PfRule::ARITH_MULT_NEG,
                        {},
                        {scalar, child});
      Assert(!impl.isNull());
      // scaled
      Node scaled =
          steps.tryStep(PfRule::MODUS_PONENS, {scalarCmpAndRel, impl}, {});
      Assert(!scaled.isNull());
      scaledRels.emplace_back(scaled);
    }

    Node sumBounds = steps.tryStep(PfRule::ARITH_SUM_UB, scaledRels, {});
    cdp->addSteps(steps);
    Debug("macro::arith") << "Expansion done. Proved: " << sumBounds
                          << std::endl;
    return sumBounds;
  }
  else if (id == PfRule::BV_BITBLAST)
  {
    bv::BBProof bb(nullptr, d_pnm, true);
    Node eq = args[0];
    Assert(eq.getKind() == EQUAL);
    bb.bbAtom(eq[0]);
    Node bbAtom = bb.getStoredBBAtom(eq[0]);
    bb.getProofGenerator()->addProofTo(eq[0].eqNode(bbAtom), cdp);
    return eq;
  }

  // TRUST, PREPROCESS, THEORY_LEMMA, THEORY_PREPROCESS?

  return Node::null();
}

Node ProofPostprocessCallback::addProofForWitnessForm(Node t, CDProof* cdp)
{
  Node tw = SkolemManager::getOriginalForm(t);
  Node eq = t.eqNode(tw);
  if (t == tw)
  {
    // not necessary, add REFL step
    cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::REFL, {}, {t});
    return eq;
  }
  std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pn = d_wfpm.getProofFor(eq);
  if (pn != nullptr)
  {
    // add the proof
    cdp->addProof(pn);
  }
  else
  {
    Assert(false) << "ProofPostprocessCallback::addProofForWitnessForm: failed "
                     "to add proof for witness form of "
                  << t;
  }
  return eq;
}

Node ProofPostprocessCallback::addProofForTrans(
    const std::vector<Node>& tchildren, CDProof* cdp)
{
  size_t tsize = tchildren.size();
  if (tsize > 1)
  {
    Node lhs = tchildren[0][0];
    Node rhs = tchildren[tsize - 1][1];
    Node eq = lhs.eqNode(rhs);
    cdp->addStep(eq, PfRule::TRANS, tchildren, {});
    return eq;
  }
  else if (tsize == 1)
  {
    return tchildren[0];
  }
  return Node::null();
}

Node ProofPostprocessCallback::addProofForSubsStep(Node var,
                                                   Node subs,
                                                   Node assump,
                                                   CDProof* cdp)
{
  // ensure we have a proof of var = subs
  Node veqs = var.eqNode(subs);
  if (veqs != assump)
  {
    // should be true intro or false intro
    Assert(subs.isConst());
    cdp->addStep(
        veqs,
        subs.getConst<bool>() ? PfRule::TRUE_INTRO : PfRule::FALSE_INTRO,
        {assump},
        {});
  }
  return veqs;
}

bool ProofPostprocessCallback::addToTransChildren(Node eq,
                                                  std::vector<Node>& tchildren,
                                                  bool isSymm)
{
  Assert(!eq.isNull());
  Assert(eq.getKind() == kind::EQUAL);
  if (eq[0] == eq[1])
  {
    return false;
  }
  Node equ = isSymm ? eq[1].eqNode(eq[0]) : eq;
  Assert(tchildren.empty()
         || (tchildren[tchildren.size() - 1].getKind() == kind::EQUAL
             && tchildren[tchildren.size() - 1][1] == equ[0]));
  tchildren.push_back(equ);
  return true;
}

ProofPostprocessFinalCallback::ProofPostprocessFinalCallback(
    ProofNodeManager* pnm)
    : d_ruleCount(smtStatisticsRegistry().registerHistogram<PfRule>(
        "finalProof::ruleCount")),
      d_totalRuleCount(
          smtStatisticsRegistry().registerInt("finalProof::totalRuleCount")),
      d_minPedanticLevel(
          smtStatisticsRegistry().registerInt("finalProof::minPedanticLevel")),
      d_numFinalProofs(
          smtStatisticsRegistry().registerInt("finalProofs::numFinalProofs")),
      d_pnm(pnm),
      d_pedanticFailure(false)
{
  d_minPedanticLevel += 10;
}

void ProofPostprocessFinalCallback::initializeUpdate()
{
  d_pedanticFailure = false;
  d_pedanticFailureOut.str("");
  ++d_numFinalProofs;
}

bool ProofPostprocessFinalCallback::shouldUpdate(std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pn,
                                                 const std::vector<Node>& fa,
                                                 bool& continueUpdate)
{
  PfRule r = pn->getRule();
  // if not doing eager pedantic checking, fail if below threshold
  if (!options::proofEagerChecking())
  {
    if (!d_pedanticFailure)
    {
      Assert(d_pedanticFailureOut.str().empty());
      if (d_pnm->getChecker()->isPedanticFailure(r, d_pedanticFailureOut))
      {
        d_pedanticFailure = true;
      }
    }
  }
  uint32_t plevel = d_pnm->getChecker()->getPedanticLevel(r);
  if (plevel != 0)
  {
    d_minPedanticLevel.minAssign(plevel);
  }
  // record stats for the rule
  d_ruleCount << r;
  ++d_totalRuleCount;
  return false;
}

bool ProofPostprocessFinalCallback::wasPedanticFailure(std::ostream& out) const
{
  if (d_pedanticFailure)
  {
    out << d_pedanticFailureOut.str();
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

ProofPostproccess::ProofPostproccess(ProofNodeManager* pnm,
                                     SmtEngine* smte,
                                     ProofGenerator* pppg,
                                     bool updateScopedAssumptions)
    : d_pnm(pnm),
      d_cb(pnm, smte, pppg, updateScopedAssumptions),
      // the update merges subproofs
      d_updater(d_pnm, d_cb, true),
      d_finalCb(pnm),
      d_finalizer(d_pnm, d_finalCb)
{
}

ProofPostproccess::~ProofPostproccess() {}

void ProofPostproccess::process(std::shared_ptr<ProofNode> pf)
{
  // Initialize the callback, which computes necessary static information about
  // how to process, including how to process assumptions in pf.
  d_cb.initializeUpdate();
  // now, process
  d_updater.process(pf);
  // take stats and check pedantic
  d_finalCb.initializeUpdate();
  d_finalizer.process(pf);

  std::stringstream serr;
  bool wasPedanticFailure = d_finalCb.wasPedanticFailure(serr);
  if (wasPedanticFailure)
  {
    AlwaysAssert(!wasPedanticFailure)
        << "ProofPostproccess::process: pedantic failure:" << std::endl
        << serr.str();
  }
}

void ProofPostproccess::setEliminateRule(PfRule rule)
{
  d_cb.setEliminateRule(rule);
}

}  // namespace smt
}  // namespace cvc5

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